The late work of Hungarian historian Domokos Kosáry explores the conflict between Austria and Hungary during the tumultuous period of 1848–1849. He presents a unique perspective by examining European opinions and interests from key cities like London, Paris, St. Petersburg, and Istanbul. Kosáry delves into the actions of exiled Eastern-Central European figures, particularly Polish prince Czartoryski, highlighting England's complex stance. While the British showed sympathy for Hungary's war of independence, their foreign policy, directed by Palmerston, firmly opposed Hungary’s secession, viewing a strong Austrian Empire as essential to counterbalance Russia. The Hungarian government, emerging from the 1848 revolution, misjudged its international standing and complicated its position by resisting the autonomy aspirations of national minorities. The Austrian side remained unwilling to negotiate with what they termed "rebels," further restricting Hungary’s options. Kosáry concludes that since the 16th century, successful autonomous policies in Europe have only thrived within the constraints of shifting European borders, suggesting that small countries like Hungary must navigate these margins to minimize damage and seize potential advantages.
