Leon Festinger Reihenfolge der Bücher (Chronologisch)

V knize z roku 1956 byla poprvé formulována slavná teorie kognitivní disonance (stav mysli vzniklý rozporem mezi dvěma poznáními či postoji). Vědci se infiltrovali do skupiny, která věřila v nadcházející apokalypsu a svou záchranu prostřednictvím UFO. Když ke konci světa nedošlo, skupina si to vysvětlila tím, že právě díky jejímu působení se bůh země rozhodl naši planetu zachránit. Festinger dochází k závěru, že aby člověk začal ještě silněji věřit nějaké teorii i poté, co se nesplnilo jeho očekávání, musí být splněno několik podmínek – například v minulosti musel své víře hodně obětovat a musí mít silnou sociální podporu. Tím dochází k odstranění kognitivní disonance (vnitřního rozporu), takže jakýkoli důkaz svědčící proti zastávané teorii je vysvětlen tak, aby teorii nevadil, nebo ji dokonce podpořil. Kromě své vědecké hodnoty je kniha, kterou lze číst jako román, zajímavým příběhem malé skupiny lidí, jež spojovalo bizarní, ale fascinující přesvědčení.

Il 15 gennaio 1934, un devastante terremoto colpì il Bihar, in India, generando voci allarmistiche nelle regioni vicine che preannunciavano ulteriori disastri. Vent'anni dopo, Leon Festinger esaminò i dati raccolti da Prasad su queste voci mentre lavorava per integrare le informazioni nel campo della comunicazione e dell'influenza sociale. Festinger si chiese come potessero diffondersi così facilmente voci terrorizzanti in una situazione già carica di paura. Non sarebbe stato più logico che, tra le popolazioni terrorizzate, emergessero voci che riducessero l'ansia? La sua risposta fu che queste voci servivano a giustificare la paura già esistente. Esisteva una discordanza tra ciò che le persone, non direttamente colpite, osservavano e la paura che provavano, non supportata dalle evidenze. Questa dissonanza tra elementi cognitivi—comprendendo conoscenze, opinioni o credenze su se stessi e il mondo—venne definita dissonanza cognitiva.

In 1954 Leon Festinger, a brilliant young experimental social psychologist in the process of outlining a new theory of human behavior - the theory of cognitive dissonance - and his colleagues infiltrated a cult who believed the end of the world was only months away. How would these people feel when their prophecy remained unfulfilled? Would they admit the error of their prediction, or would they readjust their reality to make sense of the new circumstances?"We've all experienced the futility of trying to change a strong conviction, especially if the convinced person has some investment in his belief. We're familiar with the variety of ingenious defenses with which people protect their convictions, managing to keep them unscathed thru the most devastating attacks. But human resourcefulness goes beyond simply protecting a belief. Suppose an individual believes something with a whole heart; suppose further a commitment to this belief, suppose irrevocable actions have been taken because of it; finally, suppose evidence, unequivocal and undeniable evidence, that the belief is what will happen? The individual will frequently emerge, not only unshaken, but even more convinced of the truth of such beliefs than ever before. Indeed, s/he may even show a new fervor about convincing and converting others to this view. How and why does such a response to contradictory evidence come about? This is the question on which this book focuses. We hope that, by the end of the volume, we will have provided an adequate answer to the question, an answer documented by data."When Prophecy Fails is a classic text in social psychology authored by L. Festinger, H. Riecken and S. Schachter. It chronicles the experience of a UFO cult that believed the end of the world was at hand. In effect, it's a sociopsychological study of a modern group that predicted the destruction of the world & the adjustments made when the prediction failed to materialize."The authors have done something as laudable as it is unusual for social psychologists. They espied a fleeting social movement important to a line of research they were interested in and took after it. They recruited a team of observers, joined the movement & watched it from within under great difficulties until its crisis came and went. Their report is of interest as much for the method as for the substance."--Everett C. Hughes, The American Journal of Sociology.

Originally published: Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson, c1957.