Guy Arnold Bücher

The end of World War II signaled the end of the European African empires. In 1945, four African countries were independent; by 1963, 30 African states created the Organization of African Unity. The 1960s were a time of optimism as Africans enjoyed their new independence, witnessed increases in prosperity and prepared to tackle their political and economic problems in their own way. By the 1990s, however, these high hopes had been dashed. Dictatorship by strongmen, corruption, civil wars and genocide, widespread poverty and the interventions and manipulations of the major powers had all relegated Africa to the position of an aid "basket case," the world's poorest and least-developed continent. By exploring developments over the last 15 years, including the impact of China, new IT technology and the Arab Spring, the rise of Nigeria as Africa's leading country and the recent refugee crisis, Guy Arnold brings his landmark history of modern Africa up to date and provides a fresh perspective on this misunderstood continent.

Using the study of movement as a focus, Russell-Wood gains unique insight into the diversity, breadth, and balance between the competing interests and priorities that characterized the Portuguese culture and its expansion spanning four centuries' events on four different continents.

The book explores the evolution of mercenaries from early auxiliaries to their modern incarnation in post-1945 conflicts, primarily in weak Third World nations. It highlights their roles in various global hotspots, such as Colombia and Cambodia, often associated with training drug cartels and supporting civil wars. Notably, during the Congo crisis, mercenaries gained a notorious reputation for greed and brutality. The rise of mercenary corporations in the 1990s, like Executive Outcomes, marks a significant shift, as these entities wield considerable military power and covert governmental support, posing new threats.

Focusing on the significance of global trade and strategic movement, this book examines around 50 key highways, including roads, railways, rivers, and maritime routes. Each route is highlighted for its historical importance in trade, military strategy, or as a unifying or dividing boundary among nations. Notable examples include the Suez and Panama canals, the Silk Road, and the Trans-US Railway. The inclusion of location maps enhances understanding of these vital connections in global geography and history.

Focusing on the economic development of Third World countries, the book offers a detailed analysis of resources beyond just agricultural and mineral wealth, including infrastructure and human capital. Guy Arnold explores the dynamics between advanced economies and developing nations, providing a comprehensive overview in the first part. The second part features in-depth surveys of approximately 144 countries, assessing their potential for growth and development in the early 21st century.

Focusing on the drug abuse crisis in the West, this book explores the extensive illegal drug trade and its implications. It critically analyzes the ineffectiveness of drug enforcement programs in both reducing drug supply and encouraging users to quit. Through detailed examination, it sheds light on the complexities of drug addiction and the challenges faced by law enforcement in addressing this pervasive issue.

The Non-Aligned Movement emerged as a significant force during the Cold War, advocating for global cooperation beyond the interests of major power blocs. Comprising over 100 states, it focuses on aiding nations in their quest for independence, poverty alleviation, and economic development. This institution represents a collective effort to pursue outcomes beneficial to all humanity, rather than aligning with any specific superpower, highlighting its commitment to a more equitable world.

This comprehensive examination of aid encompasses various aspects and phases, organized under clear headings for ease of reference. It features an extensive bibliography categorized by region and subject, providing valuable resources for further research. Additionally, a dateline highlights key events in the evolution of aid strategies, offering insights into the historical context and development of assistance initiatives.

Offering insights into the political, national, and military intrigue of a significant historical campaign, this dictionary features a detailed chronology and maps. It includes a comprehensive bibliography that encompasses primary sources, classic texts, and historical accounts, enabling researchers to explore the evolving perceptions of the war over time.