Juhani Sarsila Bücher

This study approaches virtus as a moral value concept. The author argues that it is only through conceptual analysis that the meaning and value of virtus are given adequate illustration, and that philology should be regarded as a part of practical philosophy. The study covers Roman literature from the beginnings until Livy. During the Roman Republican Age, virtus was considered a man’s contribution to his society and state, in terms of collectivism. Virtus (‘manliness’) was thought to be more real than any of its particular and transitory representations, i. e. individual male citizens. On the other hand, as an existentialist value concept, virtus at a relatively early stage denoted a man’s intrinsic or ontic value or his true self, without regard to any worldly success whatsoever. The final analysis shows that virtus (‘virtue’) is congruous with or even synonymous to individualism. This book also presents a contribution to gender studies from the standpoint of a man.

The book explores the dynamic interplay between faith and reason, contrasting organized religion's dogmas with philosophical inquiry. It presents history as a battleground where these two forces challenge each other, offering inventive illustrations of their ongoing contest. Through this lens, the author delves into the complexities of belief systems and rational thought, inviting readers to consider how these elements shape human experience and understanding.

Exploring the evolution of moral philosophy from ancient Greece to the twelfth century, this work addresses the decline of virtue and the resulting moral chaos in contemporary society. By examining influential figures like Homer and Hesiod, it highlights the historical context and shifts in moral understanding, aiming to revitalize discussions around ethics and virtue in a time of moral ambiguity.