Jeremy Black Bücher

Eine spannende, 20.000 Jahre umfassende Reise durch die Geschichte - von den ersten Menschen bis zum Beginn des dritten Jahrtausends. Farbige Griffleisten erleichtern die Orientierung im Atlas. Sie vernetzen die Epochengeschichte des ersten Teils mit der Betrachtung der einzelnen Kontinente im zweiten Teil. Zeitleisten stellen zudem jedes Ereignis in seinen historischen Kontext. Die zahlreichen Karten wurden mit modernster digitaler Technik erstellt, so dass die Erde aus jeder gewünschten Perspektive betrachtet werden kann. Historische Ereignisse werden so auf völlig neuartige Weise dargestellt.

Siegreiche Schlachten und Niederlagen der größten Feldherren der Geschichte, vorgestellt von renommierten Historikern: Über 2500 Jahre reicht das Spektrum, von China über Afrika und Europa bis nach Amerika, von Alexander dem Großen über Julius Cäsar bis zu Napoleon, von Simón Bolívar über Robert E. Lee bis zu Eisenhower. Detaillierte Stragieanalysen werden ergänzt durch reichhaltiges Bildmaterial, Feldkarten, Schlachtpläne und 3-D-Konstruktionen der Kämpfe.

Aufschlussreich und aussagekräftig: Historische Karten, die den Zweiten Weltkrieg geprägt haben. Die Schlachten des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurden in Eurasien ausgetragen, wobei zahlreiche Staaten beteiligt waren. Doch wie wussten Politiker, Militärs und die Bevölkerung, wo genau gekämpft wurde? Jeremy Black, ein bedeutender Militär- und Kartographie-Historiker, erklärt dies anhand von 100 teils unveröffentlichten historischen Landkarten. Für Seeschlachten, den Luftkrieg oder die Propaganda waren sowohl Hitler als auch die Alliierten auf präzise Karten angewiesen. Diese Karten sind heute wertvolle Artefakte, die den Verlauf und die Ereignisse des Krieges verständlich machen. Ob Pearl Harbor 1941 oder die Ostfront 1942: Karten waren für die Kriegsführung unerlässlich. Von Seekarten bis zu Aufmarschplänen musste alles kartografiert werden. Propagandakarten spielten eine entscheidende Rolle im Kampf um die Zustimmung der Bevölkerung. Feldmarschall Rommel und Bomberpiloten lernten durch Karten, strategische Ziele wie Pearl Harbor oder Hamburg zu erreichen. Ohne Kartographie wäre die Kriegsführung beider Seiten zum Scheitern verurteilt gewesen. Doch die Militärkarten stießen oft an Grenzen aufgrund von Zeitdruck und Informationsmangel. Jeremy Black zeichnet in dieser Sammlung den Zweiten Weltkrieg auf spannende Weise nach, basierend auf teils unbekannten Karten der verschiedenen Kriegsteilnehmer.

Städte sind Orte der Hoffnungen und Träume. Hier begegnen sich Fortschritt und Zerstörung, Chaos und Ordnung. Da wundert es nicht, dass Stadtkarten nicht nur zu den beliebtesten, sondern auch zu den ältesten Formen der Kartographie gehören. Der großformatige Prachtband nimmt uns mit auf eine Reise rund um den Globus - von Tenochtitlan, der Hauptstadt der Atzteken bis zu Brasilia, einem Monument der Moderne. Detaillierte Beschreibungen erklären historische Bedeutung und handwerkliche Qualität jeder Karte. Das Buch lädt dazu ein, die jüngsten, ältesten, lebhaftesten und umstrittensten Städten der Welt zu entdecken und zeigt gleichzeitig, wie sich die Darstellung in Karten durch die Jahrhunderte entwickelt hat. Wie wir den städtischen Raum organisieren, wird klar, wenn man einen Blick auf die Skylines, Vogelperspektiven, Panoramen , Netzpläne und Straßenskizzen wirft.

Our bones are the silent witnesses to the lives we lead. Our stories are marbled into their marrow. Drawing upon her years of research and a wealth of remarkable experience, the world-renowned forensic anthropologist Dame Sue Black takes us on a journey of revelation. From skull to feet, via the face, spine, chest, arms, hands, pelvis and legs, she shows that each part of us has a tale to tell. What we eat, where we go, everything we do leaves a trace, a message that waits patiently for months, years, sometimes centuries, until a forensic anthropologist is called upon to decipher it. Some of this information is easily understood, some holds its secrets tight and needs scientific cajoling to be released. But by carefully piecing together the evidence, the facts of a life can be rebuilt. Limb by limb, case by case - some criminal, some historical, some unaccountably bizarre - Dame Sue Black reconstructs with intimate sensitivity and compassion the hidden stories in what we leave behind.

This fascinating and wide-ranging analysis of gender and sexualities brings together the disparate literatures on demography, love and marriage, the body, homosexuality, lesbianism, and the regulation of sexuality. It makes available to both undergraduates and professionals these complex literatures in an accessible and readable form, and in the process changes our understanding of the nature of the origins and development of modern sexual roles and gender relations.

Focusing on the pivotal years between 1731 and 1744, this book examines the intricacies of British foreign policy during a time of shifting alliances and rising tensions. It builds on Jeremy Black's earlier works by analyzing the decline of the Anglo-French alliance and the factors leading to the eventual declaration of war. Utilizing a variety of foreign and domestic sources, the study provides a detailed exploration of the political landscape, highlighting key events and decisions that shaped the era.

Focusing on the global evolution of railways, this volume explores their origins in north-west England and follows their development to modern intercontinental networks. As part of the acclaimed British Library '100 Maps' series, it offers a comprehensive historical perspective, highlighting significant milestones and advancements in railway technology and infrastructure across different regions.

A visually stunning account of how naval conflict was recorded and planned, using contemporary mapping.

An ambitious visual history of the 20th century, richly illustrated in full-color.Ranging from the world wars to the traumas of decolonization and the technological triumphs of the space race, A History of the 20th Century documents the events, the characters, the ideologies, the cultural transformations, and the dramatic politics of these turbulent times. Jeremy Black examines subjects as diverse as the Russian Revolution, the Great Depression, the Cold War, the Iranian Revolution, and the birth of the internet in a compelling narrative. Keen to highlight the role of demographics, the environment, culture, and technology, as well as the better-known tales of political rivalries, he brings a new perspective to this most important subject.

Jeremy Black looks at two millennia of English history, and identifies two major themes: a lack of geographic and concomitant economic unity; and the fact that from the Roman invasion onward, a united England was often politically associated with Europe, from Cnut to the Hanoverians.

Casting aside conventional narratives of The Great War, Jeremy Black returns to a vast range of original sources and investigates not only the key events of the war, but its consequences in restructuring the old order. Black also considers the struggle not only in its historical context, but also how it has been remembered and memorialised, especially as the generation who experienced it firsthand are passing away. Now in paperback, this book has been updated with a foreword and afterword to consider recent developments.

A History of Artillery traces the development of artillery through the ages, providing a thorough study of these weapons from its earliest recorded use to recent conflicts.

In A History of Britain in 100 Maps Jeremy Black takes readers deep into the unparalleled collections of the British Library Map Room to tell a new story of the British Isles through acknowledged treasures and previously undiscovered and unpublished items.

In this highly original work Jeremy Black, one of world's leading military and cartographic historians, shows how fundamental maps were to the conflict as he charts its historical sweep across each of the major theatres.

This unique illustrated book charts the development in military uniform in relation to a shifting world, in an incredible visual directory with expert analysis and commentary.

This best-selling guide will help you get to grips with the larger themes and issues behind historical study, while also showing you how to formulate your own ideas in a clear, analytical style.

The wars between 1792 and 1815 saw the making of the modern world, with Britain and Russia the key powers to emerge triumphant from a long period of bitter conflict. In this innovative book, Jeremy Black focuses on the strategic contexts and strategies involved, explaining their significance both at the time and subsequently. Reinterpreting French Revolutionary and Napoleonic warfare, strategy, and their consequences, he argues that Napoleon’s failure owed much to his limitations as a strategist. Black uses this framework as a foundation to assess the nature of warfare, the character of strategy, and the eventual ascendance of Britain and Russia in this period. Rethinking the character of strategy, this is the first history to look holistically at the strategies of all the leading belligerents from a global perspective. It will be an essential read for military professionals, students, and history buffs alike.

Looking beyond the trappings of Stuart romance

This insightful and entertaining book offers an historian's perspective on James Bond as the last Daniel Craig movie is released. Tracing Bond's evolution since his appearance in 1953, Black follows the fraught course of No Time to Die, looks to the post-Craig years, and considers the continuing cultural significance of Bond in the modern world.

From the Great Exhibition's showcasing of British national achievement in 1851 to the opening ceremonies of the Olympics in Stratford in 2012 and on to Brexit, an insightful exploration of the transformation of modern Britain.

A concise history of the Pacific, which emphasises the very different physical and human environments both of the four quadrants of the ocean and of the coastal islands - the Aleutians, Japan and New Zealand - and the continental coastlines. The emphasis is on the countries' interactions with the ocean, through trade, migration and fishing.

›Alles, was bleibt‹ ist eine unsentimentale und doch berührende Annäherung an den Tod. Die weltweit führende forensische Anthropologin und Anatomin Sue Black zieht hier das Fazit ihrer bahnbrechenden Karriere. Sie setzt sich mit den Spielarten des Todes, ihren Ängsten, dem Sterben ihrer Eltern und ihrer eigenen Sterblichkeit auseinander und plädiert für einen anderen Umgang unserer Gesellschaft mit dem Tod. Dabei erzählt sie von ihrem außergewöhnlichen Werdegang, der mit einem Ferienjob in einem Schlachthaus begann. Aber auch über ihre Einsätze für die Vereinten Nationen und mit dem British Forensic Team berichtet sie. So war sie 1999 im Kosovo, später in Sierra Leone und Grenada sowie 2005 nach der Tsunami-Katastrophe in Thailand, um die Identitäten der Verstorbenen zu ermitteln. Sue Black porträtiert in ›Alles, was bleibt‹ die verschiedenen Gesichter des Todes, die sie kennengelernt und erforscht hat. Wie in der Forensik rekonstruiert auch ihr Buch die Geschichte des gelebten Lebens durch den Tod, und so handelt es ebenso vom Leben wie vom Tod – diesen unzertrennlichen Teilen des großen Ganzen. »Da mich der Tod täglich bei meiner Arbeit begleitet, habe ich begonnen, ihn zu akzeptieren. Er gibt mir keinen Grund, mich vor seiner Anwesenheit zu fürchten.« Sue Black Sachbuch-Bestenliste des DLF Kultur, des ZDF und der Zeit

Focusing on the significance of conflict, this book explores eighteenth-century warfare from a global perspective. It highlights how these conflicts shaped military strategies and methods, emphasizing their decisive impact on the development of warfare during the period.

Global history of geography of war from antiquity to present.

Now in its second edition, The Atlantic Slave Trade in World History has been updated to include recent scholarship, and an analysis of how debates have changed in light of recent key events such as the Black Lives Matter movement. číst celé

A magnificent visual survey of how conflict was recorded and planned, using maps produced at the time to reveal how warfare and its documentation has changed over the centuries.

In A Brief History of History, acclaimed historian Jeremy Black seeks to reinvigorate and redefine our ideas about history. The stories we tell about the past are a crucial aspect of all cultures. However, while the traditional storytelling process--what we think of as "history" in the proper sense--is useful, it is also misleading, not least because it leads to the repetition of bias and misinformation. Black suggests that the conventional idea of history and historians is constructed too narrowly, as it fails to engage with the broad nature of lived experience. By focusing on a singular idea or story within the history being explored, we fail to understand the interconnectivity of the everyday experience. A Brief History of History challenges accepted norms of the historical perspective and offers a view of human history that will surprise many and (perhaps) infuriate some. But above all, it is a history of historians written for this moment in time, a time when the traditional Eurocentric approach to history now appears wholly inappropriate.

Bringing back a classic work on the American War for Independence číst celé

The means of policy -- The context of debate -- To win America, 1758-60 -- Winning a peace, 1761-3 -- A post-war order? 1763-70 -- Muddling through? 1771-4 -- Strategies under pressure, 1775-8 -- Strategies collapse, 1778-82 -- Picking up the pieces, 1783-1790 -- Conclusions.

Jeremy Black examines Agatha Christie's literary craft as it develops alongside global military engagement. Christie, largely with her character Hercule Poirot, heralds the Golden Age of the detective novel and carves out a genre and chapter of European history whose focus is the problem of evil.

Esteemed historian Jeremy Black examines the technological, social, political and economic reasons for the industrial revolution taking place in Britain.

Covering over 2,000 years in under 200 pages, Jeremy Black takes the reader on a breathless tour of British history, providing invaluable context for students of any period. A truly British overview, this book covers all four constituent parts of the UK, as well as migration to and from Britain, and introduces questions of national identity and collective memory.The author begins by considering how the geography of Britain has influenced its development and goes on to examine the formation of its society and political culture. Resisting the Whiggish tradition of triumphalist national histories, Jeremy Black provides a balanced and sensitive account in his trademark pithy style.This new edition has been considerably revised and expanded, bringing the coverage right up to the present day, including what the Scottish referendum on independence says about the nature of modern 'Britishness'.

This profusely illustrated overview delves into the careers and campaigns of the world's greatest military commanders, spanning from Cyrus the Great in the sixth century BC to Vo Nguyen Giap in the twentieth century. It offers a global perspective, covering regions from China and India to Africa, Europe, and the Americas, with detailed profiles of over one hundred significant military leaders, their allies, and adversaries. Among the renowned figures featured are Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Julius Caesar, Saladin, Chingiz Khan, Napoleon, Wellington, Nelson, Ulysses S. Grant, Erich von Manstein, and Georgy Zhukov. The book also highlights lesser-known leaders like Jan Žižka and János Hunyadi, as well as Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the "Napoleon of Japan," and Nader Shah, the Persian conqueror. The large format enhances the visual experience, showcasing portraits, battlefield scenes, weapons, uniforms, and remarkable battle reconstructions. Additionally, specially commissioned campaign maps for each major leader and a reference section with concise biographies of 250 commanders enrich the content. Jeremy Black, a professor of History at the University of Exeter, brings his expertise to this comprehensive work.

BRAND NEW, Exactly same ISBN as listed, Please double check ISBN carefully before ordering.

The Enlightenment, Britain's cultural renaissance in the 18th century, is discussed in this analysis of Georgian society. The author presents a picture of society where life was nasty, often brutish and invariably short, but against which Britain saw the establishment of a huge overseas empire and the beginning of the first industrial revolution in the world.

The book explores the evolution of the British Army throughout the long 18th century, detailing its transformation into a global military power. It highlights the army's crucial role in both the expansion and maintenance of the British Empire, providing insights into its strategies, operations, and impact on international relations during a pivotal era in history.

The sixty-year reign of George III (1760-1820) witnessed and participated in some of the most critical events of modern world history. This biography deals comprehensively with the politics, the wars, and the domestic issues, and harnesses the richest range of unpublished sources in Britain, Germany, and the United States.

-Examines the development and use of Tanks in war from their introduction in WWI through the present day. -Jeremy Black is one of the pre-eminent military historians writing today. -Black's narrative style should appeal to scholars and armchair generals alike.

King of Britain for sixty years and the last king of what would become the United States, George III inspired both hatred and loyalty and is now best known for two reasons: as a villainous tyrant for America's Founding Fathers, and for his madness, both of which have been portrayed on stage and screen. In this concise and penetrating biography, Jeremy Black turns away from the image-making and back to the archives, and instead locates George's life within his age: as a king who faced the loss of key colonies, rebellion in Ireland, insurrection in London, constitutional crisis in Britain and an existential threat from Revolutionary France as part of modern Britain's longest period of war. Black shows how George III rose to these challenges with fortitude and helped settle parliamentary monarchy as an effective governmental system, eventually becoming the most popular monarch for well over a century. He also shows us a talented and curious individual, committed to music, art, architecture and science, who took the duties of monarchy seriously, from reviewing death penalties to trying to control his often wayward children even as his own mental health failed, and became Britain's longest reigning king.

New in paperback - Life, Society, Family, Economy, and Politics in early and mid-Victorian England mediated through the life and writings of arguably the nation's greatest novelist.

History of England

A comprehensive yet concise history of the United States of America, from the 1500s to the present day.

Rethinking Military History is a bold new 'thought book' that reconsiders military history at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The chapters provide a valuable and concise survey of the main themes in the study of military history from 1500 to the present day as Jeremy Black reveals the main trends in the practice and approach to military history and proposes a new manifesto for the subject to move forward.This must-read study demonstrates the limitations of current approaches, including common generalizations, omissions, and over-simplications. Engaging theoretical discussions, with reference to specific conflicts, suggest how these limitations can be remedied and adapted, whilst incorporating contributions from other disciplines. Rethinking Military History is essential reading for all those with an interest in military history, and all who wish to take part in moving the discipline forward.

A History of Europe is a masterful narrative, bringing together the continent's common threads of history from the end of the ice ages until the present day. Travel back in time to rise of the Roman Empire, the brutal Viking raids, the cultural explosion of the Renaissance period, all the way up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the rise of consumer culture in the 21st century. Accomplished historian Jeremy Black acts as a knowledgeable guide to the past and the ways that it has shaped society today.

A concise look at the evolution of one of our most crucial transport and trade routes that will open your eyes to its vivid history. Jeremy Black expertly spotlights those who embarked to cross the ocean over the last 550 years and how it came to be established as the ocean for the world.

This compelling text provides a thematic account of British history centering on the 20th century. To the traditional, chronological account of historic events, Black adds long-range thematic chapters reflecting the full range of topics. These include political structures, ideologies, wars and international relations, economic history, and social history as well as consumerism, media, and mass communication. The coverage is further enlivened with exhibits providing supplementary background information on key personalities and pivotal events, and numerous illustrations.

This succinct history of Germany will take you on an incredible journey through time spanning from the 1500s to the present. Focusing on Germany in detail and in a global context, Jeremy Black uncovers the complexity of the country's past as well as the challenges and strengths of its future.

Offering a fresh global perspective, this account of World War II emphasizes military campaigns and battles while challenging established interpretations. Distinguished historian Jeremy Black presents a chronological analysis of conflicts across land, air, and sea, integrating operational details with social, cultural, and political contexts. His work provides new insights into significant operations, particularly on the Eastern Front and in the war against Japan, serving as a crucial counterweight to previous historical narratives.

Logistics is the vital subject in waging war. This book fills a gap in war studies with logistics as a huge subject at the centre of all conflict, globally and historically.

"It's a book that looks like a magazine [...] and full of detail to die for" - Crawford Gribben, New Books NetworkFrom one of the world's leading historians comes an ambitious and sweeping history of the world in the 20th century, lavishly illustrated in full-color.Ranging from the world wars to the traumas of decolonization and the technological triumphs of the space race, A History of the 20th Century documents the events, the characters, the ideologies, the cultural transformations and the dramatic politics of these turbulent times.Jeremy Black examines subjects as diverse as the Russian Revolution, the Great Depression, the Cold War, globalization, climate change and the birth of the internet in a compelling narrative. Keen to highlight the role of demographics, the environment, culture and technology as well as the better-known tales of political rivalries, he brings a new perspective to this most important subject.Featuring remarkable maps, illustrations and photographs, this book brings the key events of the 20th century into exceptional clarity.ABOUT THE Sirius Visual Reference Library brings together wonderfully illustrated reference guides on scientific and historical topics, made bold and fascinating through full-color maps, timelines, photographs, feature boxes and other visual elements. -- Crawford Gribben

How the city was imagined in maps from ancient times to the present day.The a place of hopes and dreams, destruction and conflict, vision and order. The first city atlas, the Civitates Orbis Terrarum , was published by Georg Braun and Franz Hogenburg in 1572. For the first time, one could travel the streets of a city without leaving his or her armchair. Since then, our fascination with foreign cities has not abated. This sumptuous volume looks at the development of the mapping and the representation of cities, revealing how we organize urban space.From skyline profiles, bird's-eye views, and panoramas to the schematic maps of transport networks and road layouts to help us navigate, and statistical maps that can provide information on human aspirations, cities can reveal themselves in many ways. Focusing on key points in the development of urban representation and including retrofutristic visions of how we would be living today, this enlightening book illustrates some of the oldest, youngest, liveliest, and most contested cities in the world.Extended captions explain the relevance and elegance of each map, as well as the logic between its purpose and design. For anyone interested in the city in which he or she lives or with the desire to explore the history and culture of a metropolis overseas, this book is an enlightening companion.

Beginning with the Italian Wars in 1494, this book offers a focused examination of early modern European warfare. It presents a concise yet thorough analysis that appeals to students and enthusiasts of military history, highlighting key developments and strategies during this transformative era.

A concise, accessible account of strategy and the Second World War. How the war was won . . . and lost..

A History of Europe is a masterful narrative, bringing together the continent's common threads of history from the end of the ice ages until the present day. Travel back in time to rise of the Roman Empire, the brutal Viking raids, the cultural explosion of the Renaissance period, all the way up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the rise of consumer culture and in the 21st century. Accomplished historian Jeremy Black acts as a knowledgeable guide to the past and the ways that it has shaped society today. Beautifully illustrated with more than 200 colour photographs, detailed timelines and fascinating maps, A History of Europe takes the sprawling history of the continent and makes it tangible.

In this radical reassessment, Jeremy Black challenges many of the established assumptions about the so-called Military Revolution of 1560- 1660. Rather than seeing the latter as the consequence of the former, Dr Black argues that it makes more sense to see the former as a result of the latter.

Despite the Roman Empire's extensive 500-year dominance, Italy's national history is not as long as that of France or England. Historically divided, its regions have often been part of larger, rival empires, particularly those of Spain and Austria. The country's diverse and challenging terrain further complicated political unity. This concise history presents Italy's key events, from the rise of Rome to a unified nation grappling with fascism in the early twentieth century and into the present. Renowned as the birthplace of the Renaissance and the Baroque, Italy is a vibrant cultural hub. Modern Italians take great pride in their regional identities, with distinct cultures in Tuscany, Rome, Sicily, and Venice, among others. The author utilizes diaries, memoirs, and letters from historical travelers to provide insights into the passions of the Italian people, exploring their story chronologically and regionally. This narrative delves into what has endowed Italians with significant cultural influence—spanning food, music, fashion, art, and architecture—while also examining the political events and enduring divisions that shape contemporary Italy.

A wonderfully concise and readable, yet comprehensive, history of the Mediterranean Sea, the perfect companion for any visitor, whether cruising or staying ashore.

A masterly and concise reinterpretation of one of the seminal events in modern history, by one of the world's foremost military historians.

A concise yet comprehensive history - social, cultural and natural - including regional information for travellers to the Caribbean, whether to its many islands or to the continental seaboard, and whether on cruise ships, by air or road.

This engaging book explores the parallel histories of Sherlock Holmes and England during the Victorian era. Black traces the evolution of Arthur Conan Doyle's plots and characters as culture and society changed dramatically in his lifetime. Black brings London to life as a cosmopolitan city of the world with a dark underbelly where crime abounds.

A concise complete history of British monarchy, from its pre-Roman origins to the legacy of Queen Elizabeth II.

An engagingly accessible introduction to war, from ancient times to the present and into the future

The fourth and final volume in the stunning new Brief History of Britain series.

Portugal's fascinating history is generally unknown to most travellers, or, indeed, to most non-Portuguese people as it is seldom taught at school or university level. As with his previous books, Professor Black provides a succinct, comprehensive, yet accessible history aimed at the visitor to Portugal.

A thought-provoking analysis of how the acquisition and utilization of information has determined the course of history over the past five centuries and shaped the world as we know it todaydiv /DIV

'Do histories of Britain inevitably have to be histories of England? This is exactly where Jeremy Black comes into his own, for he delivers the history of the archipelago which he promises...the perspective of the work is wider and fuller than that of any other recent history. Black's work is also remarkable for the sense which it conveys of the power of broad social and cultural change.' - Times Educational Supplement Jeremy Black has written a vigorous and fascinating narrative of a group of rather desolate offshore islands and their remarkable impact upon the rest of the world. From the earliest pre-history to the 1990s, this stirring account describes the astonishingly varied stages through which the British Isles have passed to achieve their present identity.

A concise history of Paris and the great events and personalities, from prehistory to the present, that have shaped its unique cultural legacy.

A new global history of slavery from its ancient origins through the horrors of the Atlantic trade to the present day.

A global account of military strategy throughout history, from imperial strategies to those of anti-imperial insurgents

A concise history of France from prehistory to the present, recounting the great events and personalities and exploring France's cultural and political influence today.

A brilliantly concise history of London, with a distinctive perspective focusing on the city in its national and, more importantly, international contexts, rather than London itself. Why did London become the foremost international city, how did it sustain that position, and what is happening to it now?