William J Reese Bücher

Despite claims that written exams narrowed the curriculum, ruined children's health, and turned teachers into automatons, once tests took root in American schools their legitimacy was never seriously challenged. William Reese puts today's battles over standards and benchmarks into perspective by showcasing the history of the pencil-and-paper exam.

Informed by a breadth of historical scholarship and based squarely on primary sources, this volume remains the standard text for future teachers and scholars of education.