Advancing science and elimination of the use of laboratory animals for development and control of vaccines and hormones

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Animal experimentation plays a major role in the development and control of biological products and large numbers of animals are used for routine batch control. During the past few years considerable attention has been paid to the concept of replacing, reducing and refining (the three Rs) the use of animals for this purpose. This volume contains the proceedings of an international meeting held in Utrecht in November 2001 in which the problems associated with applying the three Rs were discussed. Particular emphasis was given to the validation and regulatory acceptance of in vitro methods and new concepts of quality control. Those issues are important for the scientific community at large as well as manufacturers, regulatory authorities and everyone concerned with animal welfare.