IERS conventions (2003)

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This document defines the standard reference systems established by the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS), along with the models and procedures utilized for this purpose. It continues the series initiated with the Project MERIT Standards and subsequent IERS Standards and Conventions. The current issue is referred to as the IERS Conventions (2003), previously noted as the IERS Conventions (2000) in earlier publications. All IERS products align with the descriptions provided in this document. Contributors to the IERS must identify any deviations from these guidelines and assess the impacts of such departures to ensure their results can be related to the IERS Reference Systems. While contributors may employ alternative models, the sensitivity of products derived from different observation methods to the established standards and reference systems has not been evaluated in this document. The IERS reference systems and procedures are grounded in resolutions from international scientific unions. The celestial system follows IAU Resolution A4 (1991), officially initiated by IAU Resolution B2 (1997) and refined by IAU Resolution B1 (2000). The terrestrial system is based on IUGG Resolution 2 (1991), with transformations between the celestial and terrestrial systems relying on IAU Resolution B1 (2000).