Geoid determination

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This book consolidates and streamlines material from lectures at International Schools for the Determination and Use of the Geoid, organized by the International Geoid Service of the International Association of Geodesy. It uniquely presents the theory and methodology of the most common techniques for precise geoid determination, including marine geoid computation from satellite altimetry data, all in a single volume. Specific examples and actual computations of local geoids are included. Additionally, it covers the fundamentals of estimating orthometric heights without spirit leveling by effectively combining geoid data with GPS heights. This method has gained popularity due to its relevance for the GPS and GIS user communities, who seek to convert GPS heights into meaningful orthometric elevations above mean sea level. The book aims to serve a diverse user community, including academics, graduate students, geophysicists, engineers, oceanographers, and researchers, by providing a comprehensive roadmap for estimating geoid undulations. It encompasses theoretical definitions, formulas, available numerical methods, implementation strategies, and practical testing, making it a self-contained resource for those interested in this field.