Mountain regions in transformation

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Mountains cover about a quarter of the world’s landmass and are home to roughly one-tenth of the global population. Though no universal definition exists, mountains are prominent features on all continents and have long captured human interest. Historically, people traversed mountains for settlement, trade, and conquest, recognizing their significance for livelihoods. The work of Horace Bénédict de Saussure in the late 18th century, particularly his studies on Mont Blanc, sparked scientific interest in these regions. This was followed by the rise of mountain tourism, marked by the first ascent of the Jungfrau in 1811 and Edward Whymper’s expedition on the Matterhorn in 1865, which popularized mountain climbing. Mountains are often viewed as remote areas requiring external support, facing challenges from natural hazards and harsh living conditions. However, they are also economically vital as tourist destinations and sources of hydroenergy. The late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen a surge in mountain tourism and adventure sports, increasing pressure on the environment. Additionally, the development of hydroelectricity since the late 19th century has impacted local water systems. Improved accessibility through roads and railways has transformed mountain societies and economies, creating jobs in tourism while diminishing the profitability of traditional farming. This book highlights various processes in mountain regions