Building mathematical literacy by solving realistic problems

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Mathematics today emphasizes developing critical thinking, practical knowledge, and student independence in learning. This shift aims to foster a desire for learning strategies to solve diverse mathematical problems within real-life contexts. Problem-solving is a key competence evaluated in international assessments, which have influenced changes in mathematics education, moving the focus from rote memorization to problem-solving skills. The primary goal should be to enhance problem knowledge, while understanding routines and automating certain processes should be viewed as supportive tools for tackling real-world problems. Although mathematics didactics identifies essential components of problem knowledge—such as metacognition, communication, and heuristics—effective teaching methods for these elements remain unclear. Our research indicates that students who actively engage in their learning, discussing findings with teachers and peers, tend to develop a deeper understanding. Experiencing realistic problem situations is crucial for students to appreciate the relevance of mathematical knowledge. Therefore, it is essential to provide opportunities for students to acquire and master enduring mathematical knowledge, ultimately enhancing their mathematical literacy.