An American Urban Residential Landscape, 1890-1920

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Focusing on the evolution of improvement ideologies and the role of National Improvement Associations (NIAs), the study delves into the rural roots of improvement and its rise in Chicago during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It provides a comprehensive analysis of NIA objectives, membership, and politics, revealing how real estate professionals shaped improvement to support legalized housing discrimination. The conclusion highlights the disruption of grassroots improvement by social changes, including the professionalization of reform leaders and the impact of the Great Migration.