Artistic outlaws

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"The creator of the new composition in the arts is an outlaw until he is a classic", Gertrude Stein wrote in 1926. Unlike male modernists such as T. S. Eliot or Ezra Pound, the modernist women poets Edith Sitwell, Amy Lowell, Stein and H. D. never became "high" modernist models but remained "artistic outlaws". The present study shows how these women were present on the modernist scene but followed their own concepts and struggled to establish their position as modernist women poets. Defying definition, the four poets not only richly contributed to modernism, but were indeed its developers.