Artists of the Possible

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This book offers a fresh perspective on American policymaking, emphasizing the networks of actors involved. It argues that policy change is not easily predicted by election results or public opinion, as compromise and coalitions among individual actors significantly influence all branches of government. The extent of government action, the specifics of policy changes, and their ideological direction are shaped by the collaborative efforts of executive officials, legislators, and interest group leaders. The unique patterns of cooperation among policymakers and activists create distinct dynamics for each issue area and time period, challenging the notion of a consistent model of American policymaking. Through a comprehensive analysis of 268 books and articles spanning 14 major policy areas over 60 years, the author compiles findings that reveal the 790 most significant federal policy enactments and identifies 1,306 key actors involved in these changes. The results challenge established theories, demonstrating that significant policy shifts do not stem from the electorate's agenda or the ideology of officials. Instead, the interactions among political elites dictate the productivity and ideological direction of policymaking, while the roles of public opinion, elections, and media are notably limited. Furthermore, no single typology can account for variations in policymaking across different areas, as the process remains largely s